ABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the frequency of restrictive pulmonary dysfunction in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients and to measure the severity of pulmonary dysfunction
Material and Methods: this study included 255 patients of type I and type II diabetes who had followed up in the out patient departments of Pulmonology and Medicine in Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] were measured using standard spirometry
Results: mean age was 47.26+/-19.076 years. 230 [90.2%] were males and 25 [9.8%] were females. 58 [22.7%] were type 1 diabetics and 197 [77.3%] were type 2 diabetics. 37 [14.5%] had restrictive pathology, 6 [2.4%] had obstructive pathology and 212 [83.1%] had normal lung function tests. 35 [13.7%] had mild restrictive dysfunction and 2 [0.8%] had moderate restrictive lung dysfunction
Conclusion: These data support the notion that the lung is a target organ for diabetic injury. Additional research is required to identify pathophysiologic mechanisms and to determine clinical significance
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To determine the extent of awareness regarding viral hepatitis B amongst health care providers at primary health care level and their tendency to get vaccinated against viral Hepatitis B in a union council of District Lahore, Pakistan
Material and Methods: Across sectional study conducted on all health care providers of UC 120, District Lahore providing primary health care, using a pre designed questionnaire and data analyzed by Epi Info
Results: All 256 HOPs were interviewed who belonged to various categories recognizable at primary health care level starting from doctors to quacks and spiritual healers. 26[10.1%] HCPs were either unaware of the risk they had from viral hepatitis or did not know about the availability of any vaccination. 139 [54.3%] got vaccinated and out of them 124 [89.2%] got 3 doses or more, with 70 [50.4%] receiving it between 1 to 4 years ago. Out of 117 [45.7%] who failed to get vaccinated, 26 [22.2%] lacked knowledge and 38 [32.5%] had no obvious reason to avoid vaccination, only being 'lazy". 51 [43.6%] had a strong belief contrary to present medical knowledge to avert vaccination and 2 [1.7%] could not afford to get the vaccine. Only 1 HOP got her Anti HBs titers done and even that abroad. Dentists were a community fully vaccinated while spiritual healers and hakims were as a whole unvaccinated
Conclusions: There is reasonable awareness regarding viral hepatitis [90%] amongst health care providers, yet demanding more effort on part of government regarding health education targeting health care providers. The vaccination status against Hepatitis B is comparable to that in tertiary care hospitals and again demands legislative and authoritative intervention on part of the government to get health personnel vaccinated
ABSTRACT
Background: Smoking finds its roots in early adolescent life and lifestyle changes introduced at this level may prevent one from adopting this life threatening habit
Objectives: To assess the knowledge and practices of smoking among male college students
Methods: 200 male students of a government college were interviewed using pre designed questionnaire. Data was analysed using Epi Info version 3.3.2
Results: 85% did not know about any effect of smoking on health. Radio/TV was the main source of information. Most smokers were in 2nd year class [14%]. Next was 4th year class [1.2%]. Mean age was 18.5 years. Most of the smokers belonged to younger age group i.e. 17-19 years of age. More smokers belonged to urban areas [54.55%]. Most of the smokers had parents who were businessmen [31.82%].The trend was highest in upper class [54.54%]. Majority of the smokers developed the habit being inspired by their fathers [27.28%]. Most of the boys [54.55%] smoked their first cigarette while they were at the college
Conclusion: Major lifestyle modifications may help curb smoking and reduce the harm brought by this menace to mankind
ABSTRACT
To determine the mutation of p53 in chemically induced carcinogenesis on albino mice in skin papilloma and tubular adenoma breast by immunohistochemistry. An experimental study. The animal house of Postgraduate Medical Institute and Pathology Department of King Edward Medical College University, Lahore, for the duration of 20 weeks, from 15 February, 2004 to 15 July, 2004. Twentyfive albino mice [male and female] were selected for a study on chemical carcinogenesis. These animals were divided into five groups [A-E], five animals in each. DMBA [Dimethylebenz[a] Anthracene] and TPA [Tetradecanoylphorbal- 13-Acetic Acid] [chemical carcinogens] were given to produce the tumors and mutation of p53 expression was evaluated on the tumors appearing during this period of carcinogenesis. Squamous cell papillomas and tubular adenoma breast were selected for this study. All the papillomas showed faint reactivity for immunomarker p53, while tubular adenomas were nonreactive. The results of this study show that p-53 is a marker for premalignant lesions and helps in selecting patients for constant monitoring, upon the clinical verification of these results
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 , Mutation , Papilloma , Skin Neoplasms , Adenocarcinoma , Adenoma , Breast Neoplasms , Mice , Immunohistochemistry , Tetradecanoylphorbol AcetateABSTRACT
Chronic rheumatic heart disease is the commonest cause of mitral stenosis. Incidence of rheumatic MS parallels that of acute rheumatic fever. Atrial fibrillation usually develops in the presence of pre-existing ECG evidence of left atrial enlargement and is related to the size of the chamber, the extent of fibrosis of the left atrial myocardium, the duration of the atriomegaly and the age of the patient. The tendency for development of systemic embolization correlates directly with the patient's age and the size of the left atrial appendages and inversely with the cardiac output. Eighty percent of the patients of MS in whom systemic emboli develop are in atrial fibrillation. A descriptive study was designed in the Department of Medicine, K E Medical College / Mayo Hospital and Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore. A total of 129 conservative cases of mitral stenosis were included in this study, based upon convenient patient sampling. A total of 112 patients were followed up properly, the remaining 17 were lost to follow. The results showed left atrial size and MVA have an inverse correlation [p = 0.017]. LAT has a strong association with AF in cases of MS [p = 0.002]. The severity of MS does not influence the frequency of AF [p = 0.24]. It was thus concluded that left atrial size and MVA have an inverse correlation [p = 0.017]. LAT has a strong association with AF in cases of MS [p = 0.002]. The severity of MS does not influence the frequency of AF [p = 0.24]
ABSTRACT
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a known complication of diabetes mellitus. The annual incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis [DKA] among subjects with type 1 diabetes is between 1% and 5% in European and American series respectively. This incidence appears to have remained relatively constant over the last decade in western countries whereas 20-30% of cases occur in newly diagnosed patients. Mortality rate is reported less than 5% in experienced centres whereas internationally overall mortality is 1-10 percent. The objective of this study was to find out mortality rate in patients of diabetic ketoacidosis admitted to east medical ward of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to East medical ward with the diagnosis of DKA. There were 44 patients included in this study. Regarding outcome of patients 84.1% of patients were discharged. The mortality was found to be 15.9% that is much higher as compared to other studies where it was around 5%